Israeli researchers discover evidence of Roman Army's power at the time of the destruction of the Second Temple

As reported by Israel365 News, August 8, 2022 (photos in original):

On the Fast of 9th Av, the Israel Antiquities Authority presented the results of a new research project that sheds light on the power of the Roman army, and the spots of their attack on Jerusalem in the battle that led to the destruction of the Second Temple.

“The Fast of the 9th Av commemorates the day of the destruction of the Second Temple,” says Israel Antiquities Authority researcher Kfir Arbiv. “The Temple was destroyed in 70 CE, after a four-month siege and an intensive battle led by the Roman general Titus in order to conquer the city and suppress the revolt initiated by the Jews four years earlier. The Romans had a well-trained massive army, equipped with the best military innovations of their day. It was a ruthless war machine.”

Arbiv systematically recorded Roman military equipment retrieved in excavations in Jerusalem, many of which were found in the excavations that he directed, together with Dr. Rina Avner, in the Russian Compound, adjacent to the Jerusalem Municipality building. The Roman Arsenal exposed to date includes hundreds of different-sized ballista stones that were launched from sophisticated bolt-throwing machines to a distance of 100–400 m, small slingstones used by trained infantry, and catapult machines that launched spearheads for a distance of 150–200 m. Spears, swords and arrowheads, including heavy arrowheads that could penetrate armor.

Spearhead from the battle against the Roman army. Photograph: Clara Amit, Israel Antiquities Authority

“We know from the historical sources that the Roman army employed massive siege rams to batter the fortification walls, and siege towers that reached the height of the walls, but these have not yet been found in Jerusalem,” says Amit Reem, director of Israel Antiquities Authority Jerusalem Region.

Arbiv’s research focused on the hundreds of ballista stones, and his analysis defined different sizes and weights. Some, directed against people, were launched against the walls to prevent the Jewish rebels from emerging above the walls, and other heavier ones were launched fiercely against the walls to penetrate them.

The ballista stones, the physical evidence of the battle that took place 2000 years ago, are visible on the floor. Photograph: Yoli Schwartz, Israel Antiquities Authority

Ballista stone balls of different dimensions. Photograph: Kfir Arbiv, Israel Antiquities Authority

According to Arbiv, “With the help of the computer, I located all the ballista exactly where they were found. I took into account the local topography and the location of the Second Temple-period city fortification walls, and I made ballistic calculations, including the launching angle, and the throwing distance of the stones. All the data was compared to the renown Jewish historian Josephus’ contemporary detailed descriptions of the battle, and the conquest and destruction of Jerusalem, in his book, ‘The History of the Jewish War against the Romans’.”

According to the research, some of the Roman army artillery machines were located in the center of the modern city of Jerusalem, in the Nahalat Hashiva area, nicknamed ‘Cats’ Square’.

The research also shows for the first time, the probable pots where the Roman army penetrated the city. The Russian Compound excavations exposed part of the Third Wall, the third line of defense that surrounded the city. An exceptionally large concentration of ballista stones was found at one point, some broken after use. It was evident that the Roman army concentrated their efforts here, and hundreds, if not thousands of ballista stones, were directed to this spot. “This is not surprising,” says Arbiv, “as whoever controls this spot, dominates the whole area and the fate of the city. This aligns with Josephus’ account that Titus commanded to penetrate the city from the northwestern side of the city wall.”

According to Eli Eskosido, Director of the Israel Antiquities Authority: “The physical evidence of the huge resources employed by the Roman army in Jerusalem, reflect the extremely harsh battles that eventually led to the destruction of the Second Temple. Notwithstanding the internal factions and the impossible odds, a small group of Jewish defenders withheld the Romans for a few moths until the tragic destruction of the city. The use of up-to-date research methods reveal more and more on the fascinating history of Jerusalem.”

"Pope Michael" dead at 62

On August 2, 2022, David Bawden, who claimed to be the true Roman Catholic Pope, using the name Michael I, died in Kansas City, Missouri at the age of 62, several weeks after slipping into a coma following emergency brain surgery. For those who may not be aware of his papacy, Michael I was elected head of the Roman Catholic Church (at least the segment that recognized his authority) in a conclave in Belvue, Kansas in 1990. Pope Michael continued to live at home with his parents after his consecration, which isn't exactly what you expect from the head of what purports to be the one true church representing the Lord Jesus Christ.

As reported by Phil Johnson of the Topeka Capital-Journal, January 13, 2012 (link, photo in original):

David Bawden, who is also known as Pope Michael, claimed ascendancy to the papacy in 1990. He lives on a farm near Delia where he runs the Annunciation Seminary that has one full-time and one part-time student. Bawden is shown here holding a copy of his latest book, "54 Years that Changed the Catholic Church: 1958-2012." Topeka Capital-Journal

DELIA — Attired in a black cassock that covered all but the bottom of a pair of red pants and Nike flip-flops, David Bawden on a recent Sunday afternoon reclined on a couch in the living room of his Vatican in Exile, a wooden-frame farm home in southwestern Jackson County, and talked about events that led to what he said was his election as pope of the Roman Catholic Church.

Bawden matter-of-factly reflected on the 21 years that have passed since 1990, when he was voted in as pope by six people who gathered at his parents’ second-hand store in nearby Belvue.

His biggest beef with the Roman Catholic Church, which he said led to his papacy, was its move toward modernism, starting with Vatican II, which included doing away with the traditional Latin Mass.

By now, Bawden has heard the whispers and out-loud criticisms that have come his way since he declared himself the head of the Roman Catholic Church and its 1 billion adherents worldwide.

Yet he remains committed to his papacy, saying it was ordained of God, and that nothing will stop him from being pope.

A book he wrote that was released this past May, “54 years that Changed the Catholic Church: 1958-2012,” chronicles Bawden’s claim to the papacy and also sheds light on where he said the Roman Catholic church went astray.

For his new book, he said, “I discovered some very important information that would help present the case more clearly.”

The 196-page self-published book provided details of Catholic Church changes beginning with the election of Pope John XXIII in 1958.

That pope, and all who followed him, weren’t truly Catholic, Bawden asserts, because of the “pseudo council called Vatican II” that resulted in their elections.

A few faithful Catholics realized they could lawfully take the matters into their own hands and began the restoration of the church, Bawden said.

Some were emboldened by Roman Catholic archbishops who were critical of Vatican II — including Marcel Lefebvre and Ngo-Dihn Thuc.

Bawden, a native of Oklahoma City, came to St. Marys in 1980 after he and his family became members of a breakaway Catholic group known as the Society of St. Pius X.

Bawden in the late 1970s had attended St. Pius X schools but was asked to leave. Despite his efforts to return, he was barred from being a student again.

“There was some infighting in the seminary, and I got in the middle of it,” Bawden said. “I was dismissed because of that.”

While continuing to pursue his vocation, Bawden held fast to his belief that Rome no longer had authority for the Catholic Church, that popes it elected were heretics and therefore the papal position was vacant.

It was Bawden’s belief that if the College of Cardinals wasn’t equipped to elect a pope, the duty fell to laypeople in the church.

Before he staked his claim to the papacy, he outlined his problems with the modern Catholic church in a 1990 book titled “Will the Catholic Church Survive the 20th Century?” He said he wrote the book to appeal to other traditionalists like himself.

After his book was published, he sent notices of an upcoming papal vote to traditionalists around the globe. But only six people showed up for the pivotal vote that took place July 16, 1990.

One was Bawden’s late father, Kennett, who died in 1995. One was his mother, Clara “Tickie” Bawden, 83. One was Bawden himself.

Then there were three others, all of whom, Bawden lamented, since have “fallen away” from the Catholic Church that he leads.

Bawden said he had an inkling he might be voted in as the pontiff that day.

“I thought it was a possibility,” he said. “But it was in God’s hands, who showed up to vote. We had to get the job done.”

More than two decades later, his actual followers are few, he acknowledges, with but one full-time and one part-time student in the Annunciation Seminary he runs out of the house that he shares with his mother.

Yet he says many people — perhaps millions — around the globe share his sentiments and mindset.

Bawden has a presence on the World Wide Web at www.vaticaninexile.com and even has a fan club on Facebook, something he said caused him to chuckle when he stumbled upon it.

“Someone in Germany started it,” he said. “Yes, I was surprised.”

His sermons are uploaded on YouTube by a follower in Rockford, Ill. People keeping tabs on him are notified each time a new sermon is posted.

A film class from the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Ind., made a visit to Delia a few years ago and produced a documentary on Pope Michael, parts of which can be found on the Internet.

“I was impressed by that,” Bawden said of the documentary. “I was quite impressed with the quality of work they did and their questions.”

Despite the few followers in his flock, Bawden said he doesn’t see himself as an outcast in the Delia community, located about 10 miles north of Rossville.

Bawden said he visits with people when he sees them at the grocery store in Rossville or when he passes them on the country roads in his neck of the woods. The conversations are always cordial, he said.

Each day starts with Mass, followed by prayer, seminary classes and work around the farm.

Bawden announced recently that he was ordained a priest and consecrated a bishop in December by a bishop in the National Catholic Apostolic Church, qualifying him to celebrate Mass.

Bawden is cultivating a grape arbor for wine-making for the daily Masses.

He and his several followers also are in the process of taking classic Catholic books — some of which are borrowed from the Benedictine College library in Atchison — and scanning them into computers, so they can be republished in an “on-demand” printing arrangement with a publisher.

Bawden’s mother supports her son and said his rise to the papacy started when he was a boy.

“I was trying to raise him right — to raise him in the Catholic Church,” she said. “When you see it disintegrating in front of you, you feel like something has seriously gone wrong.”

She said her closest family members were convinced that they needed to pursue what they believed to be the correct teachings of the Roman Catholic church, even if it meant taking a road less traveled.

It hasn’t always been an easy road, but she said she has no regrets.

“Everyone in their time and place — grace is coming to them,” she said. “And it works perfectly.”

The success of this item from Olivia Newton-John's discography reveals something about modern evangelicalism

British-born Australian singer and actress Olivia Newton-John, one of the most successful performing artists of the last 50 years, died on August 8, 2022 at the age of 73, after several battles with breast cancer. I was sorry to hear of her death, and I hope she came to faith in Jesus Christ before her passing. She supported various causes, including women's health, the environment, and animal welfare.

In 1994, following her first bout with breast cancer, Miss Newton-John released the album Gaia: One Woman's Journey. Gaia, in Greek mythology, is the personification of the Earth, and is regarded as the ancestral mother of all life. According to the Infogalactic entry on Miss Newton-John:

The following year, Newton-John released a healing CD, Grace and Gratitude. The album was sold exclusively by Walgreens also benefitting various charities including Y-ME National Breast Cancer Organization. The CD was the "heart" of their Body – Heart – Spirit Wellness Collection which also featured a re-branded Liv-Kit and breast-health dietary supplements. Newton-John re-recorded some tracks from Grace and Gratitude in 2010 and re-released the album as Grace and Gratitude Renewed on the Green Hill music label. The Renewed CD includes a new track, "Help Me to Heal," not featured on the original album. The Renewed CD yielded Newton-John's first appearances on the Billboard Christian Albums (No. 36), Christian & Gospel Albums (No. 54) and New Age Albums (No. 2) charts.

The songs on Grace and Gratitude Renewed include Learn to Love Yourself; Grace and Gratitude; Let Go Let God; Help Me to Heal; and The Power of Now. I've listened to these five songs, and I've noticed a few things. Learn to Love Yourself contains the words "Trust the light that shines within," which is far more in keeping with New Age belief than Christian doctrine. Grace and Gratitude contains the words "A thousand names a thousand roads all lead to one simple truth," although the simple truth isn't clearly stated. The thanks expressed are apparently directed toward God, but it's not clear. Let Go Let God is a phrase common among Christians, but the instrumental arrangement sounds increasingly Indian as the song goes on. At about the 2:27 mark of the video for Help Me to Heal, Miss Newton-John is happily pointing to a chart of "The Chakra System," depicting the Hindu teaching that the human body contains nodes of psychic energy known as chakras. The Power of Now is also the title of the first book of New Age author Eckhardt Tolle. The full title of the book is The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment (1997); he also wrote the sequel, Practicing the Power of Now: Essential Teachings, Meditations, and Exercises from The Power of Now (2001).

The fact that Grace and Gratitude Renewed appeared on both Christian and New Age charts is an indication of the lack of discernment in modern evangelicalism. See and hear for yourself.

Five intact clay jugs from Talmudic period found in Shiloh

As reported by Adam Eliyahu Berkowitz of Israel365 News, August 4, 2022:

5 rare, intact jugs uncovered in Shiloh. August 2, 2022 (Photo courtesy Binyamin Region Spokesperson)

Five large clay jars were found intact in the archaeological dig in Shiloh. The jugs were found lined up approximately 20 inches underground in a large room under the floor, most likely to keep them cool during storage. This kept them intact as well. The condition of the jugs implies that the area was vacated abruptly, with residents not having enough time to collect their belongings. The jugs are believed to be from the period of the Talmud (200-400 CE).

The excavation was led by Dr. Reut Ben Aryeh, a resident of Shiloh. The goal of the work is to locate the southern wall of ancient Shiloh and the entrance to the city.

The excavation also discovered a number of coins, a key beleived to have been used to unlock a chest, and wooden dice identical in shape to dice used today.

The discoveries were presented at the 12th Shiloh Conference to mark a century since the site was first excavated, along with other research.

The site was active, from the Bronze Age to the Ottoman Empire and archaeologists have disccovered findings from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and Early Muslim periods.

Head of the Mateh Binyamin Regional Council Yisrael Gantz said, “We are privileged to expose finds that are proof of our ties to the Judea and Samaria region and this entire land. The discoveries here give meaning to our daily work to develop this part of the country. There is nothing more exciting than the palpable understanding of how we are continuing our forefathers’ lives here. This is the eternal story of the Jewish people, and that story gives us strength.

“Thank you to the staff at the ancient Shiloh site, the archaeological officer in the IDF Civil Administration, and Dr. Scott Stripling for his work to help the site succeed,” Gantz said.

In 2017, archaeologists found a similar cache of ten jugs. Among the jugs, the also found a goblet known as a kobaat, a type of ritual chalice indicating a connection with the Tabernacle.

As reported by Maayan Hoffman of All Israel News, August 13, 2022 (bold, photo in original):

Archaeologists working at Tel Shiloh earlier this summer discovered piers that they believe formed a door into a gate complex at the northern edge of the biblical city.

The finding, said Scott Stripling, director of the Tel Shiloh excavations for the Associates for Biblical Research, was surprising but also made sense because the wall was only located about a kilometer from the Shiloh spring. It would be logical for residents to have entered and exited from that side of the city to access water.

“This was either the main gate or another gate,” he told ALL ISRAEL NEWS.

Stripling added that they also discovered a “glacis” – an earthen embankment that surrounds the fortification wall – which terminated at the proposed gate entrance. At that location, there was a symmetrical breach in the wall, which suggests there may have been a gate chamber – a complex through which people had to enter before coming into the city itself.

“This is important because the High Priest, Eli, died in the gate of Shiloh,” Stripling said. “We discovered what we think is the gate mentioned in 1 Samuel 4.”

“When he mentioned the ark of God, Eli fell backward off his chair by the side of the gate. His neck was broken and he died, for he was an old man, and he was heavy. He had led Israel 40 years” (1 Samuel 4:18).

43 YEARS OF BIBLICAL DISCOVERY

Stripling carried out his excavations at Tel Shiloh under the auspices of the Civil Administration of Judea and Samaria during May and June, alongside 135 volunteers from 11 nations and 12 different universities. The Associates for Biblical Research has been working in the highlands of Israel for 43 years.

Stripling and his team have been working at Tel Shiloh since 2017, with a two-year hiatus during the COVID-19 pandemic, making this summer their fourth season of excavations.

Before Tel Shiloh, they dug at Khirbet el-Maqatir. Tel Shiloh is the fourth site they have excavated.

Stripling made headlines this year when he announced that a lead tablet measuring 2 square centimeters – taken from a site on Mount Ebal excavated by Prof. Adam Zertal more than 30 years ago – was believed to be a “curse tablet” dating back to at least the 13th century B.C.

Stripling’s team discovered the tablet in December 2019, but it took two years and new CT technology to be able to decipher the text inside because the amulet was folded in half and the metal was too brittle to unfold.

CT scans performed in Prague revealed an ancient proto-alphabetic Hebrew inscription consisting of 48 letters, including what is believed to be God’s name.

Stripling told ALL ISRAEL NEWS that he submitted an article on the discovery to the Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences peer-reviewed journal earlier this month and he hopes the paper will be published soon.

TEL SHILOH IN THE BIBLE

Tel Shiloh is one of the most biblically significant sites where Stripling has worked, he said. The site is first mentioned in the Bible when Joshua erects the tabernacle there in the Late Bronze Age. It is believed that the Ark of the Covenant was kept inside the tabernacle.

Findings date the site back to the Middle Bronze II period. It served as the capital of Israel for over 300 years before Jerusalem.

During their four seasons of excavations, Stripling and his team discovered a number of objects that they believe bring the Bible to life and help validate its narrative – although there are those who disagree.

These items include storage rooms that line the northern perimeter of the fortification walls, strategically positioned next to a monumental building which may have served as a platform for the tabernacle.

Stripling said the rooms are “unique in their construction” and inside them were found a number of collared-rim jars dating to the Iron Age I. Such jars could have been used by people who wanted to store tithes they were bringing.

The platform’s dimensions align with those given in the Bible for the tabernacle. Moreover, a demolished four-horned altar was found nearby, as well as two ceramic pomegranates, typical of the ornaments described in the Bible as hanging from the priest’s robe.

Finally, about a 30-seconds walk from the platform is a deposit of pottery and bones dated around 1400 to 1300 B.C. The majority of the bones are from the right side of the animals, which were all kosher. Leviticus 7 says that the priest’s portion was the right side of the animal.

“All of this together inductively suggests to us that we are seeing what is found in the Bible,” Stripling said. “There are many lines of evidence and from it an overarching picture emerges.”

He said the team excavated thousands of more bones this summer. They will now undergo carbon dating and zooarchaeological analysis in hopes of gaining further clarity.

Stripling said if some colleagues do not believe him, that the biblical narrative is accurate and if they have another explanation, “I would love to hear it.”

He added that the team found evidence the site continued to be occupied for many more generations, including during the Second Temple Period (when Jesus lived), and later during the Byzantine, Islamic, Late Roman and Persian periods, too.

However, he said his team is focusing primarily on the transition period between the Bronze and Iron ages.

Area D where from which the bone deposit derived (Photo courtesy Scott Stripling)

Israeli soldiers discover 1,500-year-old convent

As reported by Israel365 News, August 2, 2022:

Over the past month, dozens of soldiers re-uncovered a 1500-year-old nuns’ convent complex at Horbat Hani, in the low foothills east of Shoham, after a small area of the site located within a military zone was accidentally damaged by the army.

The activity took place in the framework of the army educational project initiated together with the Israel Antiquities Authority: ”The Nature Defense Forces Project: Officers Take Responsibility for the Environment.”

The Byzantine convent was first excavated twenty years ago by Dr. Uzi Dahari and Dr. Yehiel Zelinger of the Israel Antiquities Authority, and it was subsequently covered up to protect it. It is now visible again, thanks to the project carried out with the soldiers.

According to Issy Kornfeld, Director of the excavation on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority, “Recently, a small part of the ancient ecclesiastical site was damaged in the course of army activities in the military zone. In this context, the Israel Antiquities Authority, together with the Nature Defense Forces program, initiated an educational project, whereby this impressive site was re-opened and cleaned up under the guidance of the Israel Antiquities Authority Community Educational Centre.” Kornfeld continues, “In the original excavation, two buildings were uncovered, one of which was a church paved with a colorful mosaic depicting faunal and vegetal scenes, an entrance hall, the nuns’ dormitories, hermit cells, a tower with rooms, and a crypt, an underground burial complex. The other building included a kitchen, a refectory (dining hall), and an inn for pilgrims.”

There was evidence that the convent preserved a tradition related to women. Dr. Eitan Klein, an archaeologist at the Israel Antiquities Authority, proposed that the convent at Horbat Hani, may have commemorated the burial place of the biblical Hannah, the wife of Elkanah, who was childless, and gave birth to a son, the prophet Samuel, after she vowed to dedicate him to the service of God.

According to Kornfeld, “As often in the ancient world, the convent was erected here, commemorating an ancient tradition, possibly of the burial place of Hannah, mother of the prophet Samuel.” The original excavation also uncovered a few female skeletons, possibly of women who sought to be buried in proximity to the sanctified figure of Hannah.

Guy Saly, director of the IDF Nature Defense Forces Project: ”The excavation is an example of officers taking responsibility for the environment and carrying out meaningful activity, exposing and conserving the ancient site—archaeologists together with officers and soldiers who are the citizens of tomorrow—thus enabling us to experience and connect with our country’s heritage. The soldiers and the offices enjoyed the hands-on archaeological work, and we hope that the joint activities protecting the archaeological sites will continue in the future.”

According to Eli Eskosido, Director of the Israel Antiquities Authority, “The joint IAA initiative with the IDF Nature Defense Forces Project, creates an opportunity for every soldier and army officer. The adoption of archaeological sites in army bases and military zones, and the creation of archaeological exhibitions in army bases, further consolidate the strong connection between the defense of the State of Israel, and the protection of the ancient sites and our cultural inheritance.”

The church mosaic is now partially visible, and it can be seen with advance permission from the IDF Central Command: 02-5305042.

Aerial view of the church complex in the military zone. (Photo credit: Idan Yunish/Israel Antiquities Authority)

Decorative elements in the mosaic pavement. (Photo credit: Gilad Stern/Israel Antiquities Authority)

Aerial view of the mosaic. (Photo credit: Idan Yunish/Israel Antiquities Authority)