Showing posts with label Science. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Science. Show all posts

Monday, 31 August 2026

130 years ago--astrologers actually make a correct prediction

The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth his handywork. Psalms 19:1

On August 9, 1896, a solar eclipse occurred; it was the first to attract an expedition from the British Astronomical Association. According to the editorial Darkening of the Sun., published in the Toronto Globe, August 3, 1896:

...This eclipse is important in that it is a total one, not an annular, and it is expected that much will be added to our knowledge of the sun....

Although this eclipse will not at all be visible in Canada, in fact not at all in America except in Alaska, there are many Canadians and Americans who will witness the phenomenon, because the line of totality passes across a region easily accessible to summer tourists. The path of total eclipse begins at sunrise in the North Atlantic Ocean, passes across the northern part of Norway and over the island of Nova Zembia, thence diagonally across Siberia and the Japanese island of Yezo, ending at sunset in the Pacific Ocean.

Most popular of the places of observation are points on the northeast coast of Norway...More favorable stations for observation are in the interior of Siberia, but these are practically inaccessible to observers. Excellent results are expected from the parties stationed in Japan, for the conditions there are good.

During the two minutes of totality the principal stars will become visible to the unassisted vision. The sun will be in the constellation Leo (the Lion), and the planets Jupiter, Venus and Mercury are close together in the same region of the sky...

Should the photographs of the corona turn out as successfully as everyone hopes and desires light will be thrown on various points of solar physics. Especially may the larger pictures give a further knowledge of the solar currents, "lines of force" or whatever they are that determine the peculiar structure of solar appendages. How the distribution of coronal material differs in various latitudes on the sun should also be revealed, and an investigation of the connection between the coronal prominences and sun-spots may be possible. Another point on which the photographs will shed light is the law of decrease in the intensity of the corona is passing outward. If success crowns the efforts being made all along the line then there will be a possibility of determining if the corona changes form in the interval of about 90 minutes which occurs between those observations taken in Norway and those secured in Japan. Previous experience does not favor the idea of such rapid changes.
Weather conditions prevented good results from the BAA expedition, but a smaller expedition to Novaya Zemlya was more successful.

Partial eclipse photographed by Celia Hammer in Kabelvåg, Norway

Photography of the corona during the total eclipse on Novaya Zemlya on 9. August 1896 by Sergei Kostinsky

According to an anonymous article published in the Winnipeg Daily Tribune, August 8, 1896:

...According to astrologers, the eclipse is likely to be followed by disasters in the orient, owing to the fact that it occurs in the conjunction of the evil planet Mars, Herschel and Saturn, and of Jupiter, Venus and Mercury. The line of totality of the eclipse begins in the North Sea, crosses the northern part of Norway and Lapland, the island of Novaya Zemlya, Siberia, and the Japanese island of Yezo, and ends in the midst of the Pacific ocean. Under the general rulings of astrology, these, taking into consideration the square and opposition of the place of the eclipse, to-morrow's event will primarily affect China, Japan, Eastern Siberia, Corea, Egypt, Armenia, Western Russia, the country tributary to the Danube, Scandinavia in its northeastern section, Venezuela, Guiana and Brazil, Newfoundland, Labrador, New England, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Nevada, California and Alaska. Only Japan, China and Russia, however, are, according to the astrologers, to experience disaster, and this is not to be immediate, but some time in the next six months...
It did come as a surprise to this blogger that a major disaster did occur not long after the eclipse. On August 31, 1896, the Rikuu earthquake, of magnitude 7.2, struck on the border between the prefectures of Akita and Iwate (39.5 degrees North latitude, 140.7 degrees East longitude), killing 209 people (209 in Akita), injuring 779, and resulting in 5,792 completely destroyed houses, 3,045 partially destroyed houses, and 9,899 landslides.

Of course, even if astrologers make a prediction that turns out to be accurate, astrology is a pagan practice that should be avoided and rejected:

If there arise among you a prophet, or a dreamer of dreams, and giveth thee a sign or a wonder,
And the sign or the wonder come to pass, whereof he spake unto thee, saying, Let us go after other gods, which thou hast not known, and let us serve them;
Thou shalt not hearken unto the words of that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams:
Deuteronomy 13:1-3a

Thus saith the Lord, Learn not the way of the heathen, and be not dismayed at the signs of heaven; for the heathen are dismayed at them. Jeremiah 10:2

Friday, 2 January 2026

Archaeological discoveries announced in 2025

I've been negligent in recent years when it comes to mentioning archaeological discoveries. It will take too long to reproduce the articles, so this post just includes headlines and links (sometimes more than one article per item). For those interested in biblical archaeology, I recommend the blogs theoarch and Ferrell's Travel Blog.

Byzantine monastery with mosaic inscription from Deuteronomy discovered near Kiryat Gat (January 6, 2025)

Israeli archaeologists solve mystery of missing cave art in the Levant (January 8, 2025)

Ritual Complex Dating to First Temple Period Discovered in Jerusalem’s City of David also Ancient Jewish private ritual bath is unearthed in Jerusalem's City of David (January 27, 2025)

Researchers Uncover Ancient Worship Site Near First Temple in Jerusalem (January 16, 2025)

Roman Boundary Stone Found in Israel Links Talmudic Accounts to Diocletian’s Lost Villages (January 28, 2025)

Ancient Aramaic inscription finally deciphered reveals Jewish name in the heartland of Judea (January 31, 2025)

Archaeological Proof of King David: The Ancient Stone That Confirms His Dynasty (February 3, 2025)

Israeli archaeologists continue search for Pool of Siloam in ancient City of David (February 12, 2025)

American tourist discovers rare ancient Jewish coin from Hasmonean period in Shiloh, Samaria (February 27, 2025)

Archeologists find evidence of Josiah, the last king of Judah (March 12, 2025)

Scientists: “Evidence suggests that the Genesis flood story might have a basis in reality” (March 13, 2025)

Exciting new discovery in Judean Desert from time of Maccabees mystifies archaeologists (March 25, 2025) also Mysterious Pyramid Discovered in Judean Desert Unveils Hellenistic Era Secrets (March 25, 2025)

Excavations under Church of the Holy Sepulchre reveal evidence of ancient garden, supporting Gospel of John (March 25, 2025)

Ancient and Unique Clay Jug Featuring Camel Decorations Unearthed in Yatir Forest Excavations (March 30, 2025)

Archaeologists Confirm Biblical Armageddon Site at Megiddo in Northern Israel (March 31, 2025)

Little girl discovers 3,800-year-old Canaanite seal on family trip near Beit Shemesh, Israel (April 1, 2025) also Israeli preschooler stumbles on 3,800-year-old artifact near Beit Shemesh; Israeli Toddler Uncovers 3,800-Year-Old Scarab at Biblical Site (April 2, 2025); 3-Yr-Old Girl Finds Canaanite Scarab Where David Faced Goliath (April 2, 2025)

Dyeing for royalty: Ancient tools reveal economic power behind biblical Israel (April 17, 2025) also Archaeologists Discover Ancient Facility that May Have Produced Scarlet and Blue Dyes Used in Temples (April 27, 2025); Israeli scholars find ancient manufacturing site of purple dye near Haifa (May 3, 2025)

Historic Stone Capital with Menorah Set for Exhibit Ahead of Independence Day (April 29, 2025) also 1,500-Year-Old Stone Column Element with Menorah Design Unveiled for First Time (April 29, 2025); Rare menorah-carved capital found near Jerusalem is unveiled for Israel's Independence Day (April 30, 2025)

New Israeli Study Shows Ancient Names Reflect Cosmopolitan Biblical Israel (May 13, 2025)

Rare 1,500-Year-Old African Figurines Discovered in the Negev Desert (May 14, 2025) also Archaeological discovery hints at African Christian community in ancient Israel (May 14, 2025)

Tiny treasure discovered in Jerusalem's City of David: Second gold ring found in less than a year (May 21, 2025)

The buried truth: Unearthing Jewish history on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem (May 22, 2025)

From Battleground to Holy Ground: How Archaeology Proves Israel’s Ancient Heritage (May 29, 2025)

Treasured 14th-century Shem Tov Bible finds its way home to Jerusalem (May 30, 2025) also World’s Oldest Known Complete Tanach Returns to Israel (June 3, 2025)

1,700-Year-Old Roman Sarcophagus Depicting Pagan Drinking Contest Discovered in Caesarea also Roman Sarcophagus Discovered in Caesarea Provides Clue to Size of the Ancient City (June 9, 2025)

New evidence for why King Josiah went to meet Pharaoh Necho in Megiddo (June 9, 2025)

New technology gives earlier dates for Dead Sea Scrolls, challenging doubts about book of Daniel (June 27, 2025)

Can the Bible be trusted? A fresh look at the word 'Ebenezer' through the lens of modern research (June 28, 2025) also The dawn of settlement: Uncovering the secrets of ancient Israelite Izbet Sartah and Earliest Hebrew alphabet found at Izbet Sartah reveals surprising Israelite literacy in the Iron Age (July 7, 2025)



1,900-year-old lion-headed bronze discs discovered in Israel likely used in pagan burial rituals (June 29, 2025) also Roman-Era Burial Discs Discovered in Israel Shed Light on Ancient Funeral Customs (June 30, 2025)

Discoveries at Shiloh that back up the Bible: A conversation with archaeologist, Scott Stripling (July 1, 2025) also Excavating Biblical History: New Discoveries at Shiloh and the Search for the Ark’s Gateway (July 25, 2025); Shiloh’s Tabernacle mystery: What the Bible and archaeology reveal (July 26, 2025)

Unearthing the Truth of Salome’s Tomb: New Research Reframes Centuries-Old Christian Tradition (July 7, 2025)

Rare 15th-century Biblical manuscripts shed light on Ethiopian Jewish heritage (July 9, 2025) also 15th Century Manuscripts Reveal Insights into Ethiopian Jewish Traditions (July 15, 2025)

Lost Christian site discovered in Jordan using ancient map of the Holy Land (July 19, 2025)

‘I saw a yellow color’: Volunteer uncovers 2,000-year-old Galilee treasure (July 24, 2025)

Golden Treasures from Jesus’ Time: Discoveries at Sussita Illuminate Biblical History (July 27, 2025)

First ever: 5,500-Year-Old Blade Workshop Found Near Goliath Battleground (July 28, 2025) also Discovery of early Bronze Age workshop sheds light on Canaanite industry (July 28, 2025); Sophisticated 5,500-year-old flint blade workshop unearthed near Kiryat Gat, Israel (July 31, 2025)

Israeli researcher claims finding 'this is from Moses' written in ancient Egyptian mine (July 30, 2025)

Rare First Temple-era seal impression found in Jerusalem (July 30, 2025) also Ancient clay seal with biblical name found near Temple Mount in Jerusalem (August 1, 2025); First Temple Clay Seal Validates Biblical History: May Reference King Josiah’s Servant (August 15, 2025)

Rare first century coin declaring 'For the Redemption of Zion' discovered in Jerusalem (July 31, 2025) also “For the Redemption of Zion” – a rare coin from Year Four of the Great Revolt discovered in Jerusalem (July 31, 2025); Coin minted during the Jewish Revolt uncovered near the Temple Mount (July 31, 2025)



Unearthing Shiloh: Inside the ongoing search for the biblical Tabernacle (August 2, 2025) also Ancient Structure at Shiloh May Have Housed the Ark of the Covenant, Archaeologists Say (August 12, 2025)

Ancient Jewish Sages Were Key Players in Mediterranean Wine Industry, New Study Shows (August 6, 2025)

'Extremely rare' ancient Aramaic inscription discovered in Dead Sea cave (August 10, 2025)

Archaeologists Find Earliest Evidence of Bronze-Making in Land of Israel (August 10, 2025) also New study reveals evidence of 3,000-year-old bronze production site in Samaria (August 15, 2025)

Israeli Archaeologists Uncover World’s Oldest Known Nursing Home (August 18, 2025) also Christian Nursing Home Found in Northern Israel: Uncovering the Earliest Byzantine Elder-Care Institution (August 19, 2025)

New Analysis Suggests 3,800-Year-Old Egyptian Inscription Mentions Moses (August 19, 2025)

Rare Hellenistic Weight Inscribed with Name of Official Seized in Jerusalem (August 20, 2025) also Ancient lead weight of fair-trade official found by Israel's antiquities theft unit (August 20, 2025)

Rare Gold Coin of Egyptian Queen Berenice II Unearthed in the City of David (August 20, 2025) also Ancient gold coin discovered in Jerusalem, shedding light on Second Temple period (August 20, 2025); Small but significant: Ancient Egyptian coin reshapes view of Jerusalem between Temple periods (August 21, 2025)



STUDY: Silver Was Currency in the Land of Israel Long Before Coins Appeared (August 24, 2025)

Ancient Dam Uncovered in the City of David Linked to Kings of Judah (August 26, 2025) also New dating of dam discovered in City of David opens floodgate of questions about Jerusalem’s history (August 26, 2025); Archaeologists Unearth Israel’s Largest Ancient Dam in City of David (August 27, 2025)

Ancient Baptisery, Cathedral Found While Renovating French Shopping Hall (August 28, 2025)

Israeli archaeologists discover 2,000-year-old Hebrew inscription in City of David (August 28, 2025) also Discovered in City of David: A 2,000-Year-Old Receipt Reveals Daily Commerce in Second Temple Jerusalem (August 29, 2025)



Inside Israel’s vast archaeological world (August 30, 2025)



4,000-Year-Old Lamp Wicks Unearthed in Yehud Among Oldest in the World (August 31, 2025) also 4,000-year-old lamp wicks shed light on ancient burial rituals; Israeli archaeologists unearth well-preserved 4,000-year-old lamp wicks (September 2, 2025)



Bethsaida discovery? Israeli archaeologists believe they found Peter’s hometown by Sea of Galilee (August 31, 2025)

Ancient Samaritan Estate With Colorful Mosaics Unearthed in Kafr Qasim (September 2, 2025) also 1,600-year-old Samaritan estate unearthed in central Israel (September 2, 2025); A Glimpse into a Lavish Samaritan Agricultural Estate at Kafr Qasim (September 2, 2025); Archaeologists uncover 'magnificent' Samaritan agricultural estate in central Israel (September 3, 2025)



Israel unveils digital archaeological database with millions of ancient records (September 9, 2025) also Israel Unveils One of the World’s Largest Digital Archaeological Databases (September 12, 2025); Israeli researchers develop computer tool to study Dead Sea Scrolls (September 17, 2025); Vast collection of antiquities now online as Israel launches new archaeological database (September 21, 2025)



New discovery in the City of David changes what we knew about the Pool of Siloam (September 17, 2025)

Rare coin hoard unearthed in Galilee reveals hidden chapter of Jewish revolt against Rome (September 18, 2025) also Ancient coin stash used by Jewish rebels in fight against Rome discovered (September 18, 2025); Hidden Galilee Complex Yields Coins from Last Jewish Revolt Under Rome (September 18, 2025); Ancient Coin Hoard Reveals Last Chapter of Jewish Resistance in Roman Judea and Samaria (September 19, 2025)

Hoard of Gold Coins and Jewelry Discovered During Excavations at Hippos (September 25, 2025) also Trove of ancient gold coins discovered on Golan Heights (September 25, 2025); Archaeologists discover 'one of the largest hoards' of Byzantine era coins found in Israel during Galilee dig (September 25, 2025)

Evidence for the biblical Temple of Solomon: Ancient beams and modern discoveries (September 19, 2025) also A small but unique discovery: Phoenician presence and Solomon’s Temple (September 27, 2025) and Was King Solomon real? Archaeological clues to Israel’s golden age (October 18, 2025)



Cosmic Rays Reveal Hidden Chambers Beneath Ancient Jerusalem (October 1, 2025)

Archaeologists uncover 1,500-year-old synagogue in Golan Heights (October 5, 2025) also Ancient synagogue discovered in the Golan, testifying to Jewish ties to the area (October 5, 2025); Ancient 1,500-Year-Old Synagogue Unearthed in the Golan Reveals Flourishing Jewish Life in Antiquity (October 6, 2025); 1,500-Year-Old Synagogue Unearthed in Golan Heights Reveals Ancient Jewish Presence (October 9, 2025); https://www.facebook.com/reel/786188881066853

For the first time in Jerusalem: an Assyrian inscription from the First Temple period was discovered (October 22, 2025) also First Temple era artifact unearthed in Jerusalem (October 22, 2025); Rare First Temple-era Assyrian inscription found in Jerusalem confirms connection with ancient Judah; Ancient Assyrian Tax Inscription Found Near Temple Mount (October 23, 2025)





Archaeologist says Jordan sites match biblical account of Sodom’s fall (October 26, 2025) also New Archaeological Evidence Points to Sodom and Gomorrah’s Location Near the Dead Sea (October 31, 2025)

Foxes in Bethsaida: Hints of Lamentations Prophecy and Harbinger of Hope for Jews and Christians in the Holy Land (November 3, 2025)

Ancient Winepress and Canaanite Ritual Artifacts Unearthed Near Tel Megiddo Reveal Early Settlement Expansion in Jezreel Valley (November 5, 2025) also ‘Smoking gun’ of ancient wine production unearthed in northern Israel (November 5, 2025); 5,000-Year-Old Winepress and Canaanite Relics Discovered in Northern Israel



New Atlas Reveals Roman Roads 50% More Extensive Than Previously Known (November 12, 2025)

Ancient Silver Goblet from Judean Hills Bears Earliest Known Image of Creation (November 16, 2025)

When Migratory Birds Filled the Carmel Plain: New Study Revives a Biblical Landscape (November 21, 2025)

New Radiocarbon Study Reopens the Door to an Exodus Timeline Rooted in the Days of Pharaoh Ahmose (November 30, 2025)

AI Unlocks 1,000 Years of Jewish History Hidden in Cairo’s Sacred Archives (November 30, 2025)

Israeli archaeologists uncover remains of dramatic mountaintop royal palace (December 4, 2025) also Ancient Fortress Excavation Reveals Hidden Jewish Royal Palace (December 5, 2025)

Ancient Hasmonean Wall Uncovered in Jerusalem: Evidence of Maccabean Power and Mysterious Destruction (December 8, 2025) also Archaeologists uncover huge Hasmonean-era wall in Jerusalem as Hanukkah approaches (December 9, 2025); City of David Excavation Reveals Massive Hasmonean Period Wall (December 9, 2025)



First material evidence of Judah Maccabee’s battlefield discovered near Jerusalem (December 10, 2025) also Hanukkah Discovery Evidence of Judah Maccabee’s 163 BCE Battle Uncovered Near Jerusalem (December 11, 2025); Hanukkah miracle: Israel discovers evidence of Judah Maccabee’s battlefield near Jerusalem (December 11, 2025)

Rare 1,400-year-old menorah pendant found near Western Wall sheds light on Byzantine Jewish life (December 15, 2025) also Ancient menorah pendant discovered under Temple Mount puzzles archaeologists (December 15, 2025); Underground Judaism: Menorah pendant discovery from Byzantine era suggests Jews still worshipped in Jerusalem despite being banned (December 15, 2025); A rare, 1,300-year-old lead pendant decorated with a menorah symbol uncovered by Temple Mount (December 18, 2025)

Rare Hasmonean-era oil lamp discovery near Jerusalem revealed on first night of Hanukkah (December 16, 2025)

2,700 year-old Hebrew clay inscription found in Jerusalem reveals first mention of Bethlehem outside the Bible (December 25, 2025)

Rare gold coins, ring discovered in Judean Wilderness point to Byzantine Christian past (December 26, 2025)

Mikveh from final days of the Second Temple discovered beneath Western Wall Plaza (December 29, 2025) also Second Temple-era mikveh discovered near the Western Wall (December 29, 2025); Road Construction Leads to the Discovery of Rare Cave System in Samaria (December 31, 2025); 2,000-year-old Jewish ritual bath discovered near Second Temple site (January 1, 2026)

Thursday, 30 November 2023

"Perfect solar system" discovered 100 light years away

When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained; What is man, that thou art mindful of him? and the son of man, that thou visitest him? Psalms 8:3-4

The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament showeth his handiwork. Psalms 19:1

Thou art worthy, O Lord, to receive glory and honour and power: for thou hast created all things, and for thy pleasure they are and were created. Revelation 4:11

As reported by Pallab Ghosh of BBC News, November 29, 2023 (link in original):

Researchers have located "the perfect solar system", forged without the violent collisions that made our own a hotchpotch of different-sized planets.

The system, 100 light years away, has six planets, all about the same size. They've barely changed since its formation up to 12 billion years ago.

These undisturbed conditions make it ideal for learning how these worlds formed and whether they host life.

The research has been published in the scientific journal, Nature.

The creation of our own solar system was a violent process. As planets were forming some crashed into each other, disturbing orbits and leaving us with giants like Jupiter and Saturn alongside relatively small worlds like our own.

In the system HD110067, as astronomers have rather drily named it, things couldn't be more different.

Not only are the planets similarly sized; in a far cry from the unrelated timing of the orbits of the planets in our own solar system, these rotate in synch.

In the time it takes for the innermost planet to go around the star three times, the next planet along gets around twice, and so on out to the fourth planet in the system. From there things change to a 4:3 pattern of relative orbit speeds for the last two planets.

This intricate planetary choreography is so precise that that the researchers have created a cyclical musical piece, akin to a Philip Glass-style composition, with notes and rhythms corresponding to each planet and their orbital periods...

Dr Rafael Luque, of the University of Chicago, who led the research described HD110067 as "the perfect solar system".

"It is ideal for studying how planets are created, because this solar system didn't have the chaotic beginnings ours did and has been undisturbed since its formation."

Dr Marina Lafarga-Magro, of Warwick University, said that the system was "beautiful and unique".

"It is really exciting, just seeing something that no-one has seen before," she told BBC News.

ver the past thirty years, astronomers have discovered thousands of star systems. But none of them are so well suited to study how planets formed. The planets' near identical size and the system's undisturbed nature are gold dust for astronomers because they make it much easier to compare and contrast them. That will help build up a picture of how they first formed and how they evolved.

The system also has a bright star which will make it easier to look for life signs in the planets' atmospheres.

All six of the new planets are what astronomers call "sub-Neptunes", which are larger than the Earth and smaller than the planet Neptune (which is four times wider than the Earth). The six newly discovered planets are between two and three times the size of Earth.

Interest in the new findings has been supercharged since the discovery in September that a sub-Neptune planet, called K2-18b, in another star system, has an atmosphere with hints of a gas that on Earth is produced by living organisms. Astronomers call this a biosignature.

Although our own solar system does not contain any sub-Neptunes, they are thought to be the most common type of planet in the galaxy. Yet astronomers know surprisingly little about these worlds.

They do not know whether they are mostly made of rock, gas or water, or critically, whether they provide conditions for life.

Finding out these details is "one of the hottest topics in the field" according to Dr Luque, adding that the discovery of HD110067 gives his team the perfect opportunity to answer that question relatively quickly.

"It could be a matter of less than ten years," he told BBC News.

"We know the planets, we know where they are, we just need slightly more time, but it will happen."

If the team's next round of observations indicates that sub-Neptunes can also support life, it greatly increases the number of possible habitable planets and therefore increases the chances of detecting signs of life on another world sooner rather than later.

The race is now on to detect biosignatures on one of the six new sub-Neptunes, or dozens of others detected by rival groups. With a battery of new telescopes with enhanced capabilities and others about to come online, many astronomers believe that we may not have too long to wait for that moment.

The planets were detected using NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and ESA's CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (Cheops).

Tuesday, 31 October 2023

100 years ago--a prediction and alleged evidence for human evolution

And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die.
For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, that your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil.
Genesis 3:4-5

The belief that humanity has improved over time and will continue to do so was popular in the 1920s, and persists into the 2020s, despite evidence to the contrary. However, there was some skepticism toward one such theory of human advancement, as reported by Canadian Press and published in The Calgary Daily Herald, September 15, 1923 (bold, capitals in original):

EVOLUTION OF NEW SUPERMAN IS IN STORE FOR HUMANITY

---

More Brains, Quicker in Intuition than the Mortals of Today

---

PREDICTION MADE BY EDINBURGH SCIENTIST

---

European Savants Inclined to Disbelieve Original Theory

---

(By Canadian Press)

LONDON, Sept. 15 - Humanity is threatened with the evolution of a new type of superman, according to the discovery of Captain A.G. Pape, and Edinburgh anthropologist, who read a paper yesterday in Liverpool at the annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.

He declared that after five years' study of various types of children of American and Australian descent, he was satisfied that a new race was arising. He included among characteristic marks on which he based his theory a distinct increase in cranial development and a definite dome over the frontal region of the skull; hair fine in texture; skin smoothly grained; eyes especially luminous and intelligent and eyebrows rather prominent.

The type face, Captain Pape added, will be somewhat triangular with a narrow chin.

Not Brains Alone

The new type will not be all brains and no body, but will be quick in intuition. The new race, in Captain Pape's view, would show a disposition for a diet without meat and coarse foods and would not have a large appetite along any line.

The forerunners of the new race showed an inclination to be playful and mischievous. The type needed sympathetic understanding.

The discussion which followed the reading of Captain Pape's paper indicated that the arguments advanced in support of the captain's theory were not convincing. The audience showed incredulity. One member declared that the race outlined by the captain appeared to be tubercular degenerates.
As reported in the Montreal Gazette, September 15, 1923 (bold, capitals in original):

TWO UNKNOWN TYPES OF HUMAN FAMILY FOUND

---

'Rhodesian Man' and 'Nebraska Tooth' Recent Discoveries

---

DOMAIN OF FOSSIL MAN

---

Features Regarded as Purely Human Found in Baby Apes--Not in Adults

---

Special Cable to the New York Times and Montreal Gazette

Liverpool, Sept. 14 - Interest in the chemical and physical sections was a notable feature of the meeting of the British Association today. The theatre of the university has proved too small for the large attendance at the lectures, and there is every indication that this year's meeting will be one of the most successful in the history of the association.

Five more presidential addresses were delivered today, and among others of great interest was that by Professor Elliot Smith, delivered before the whole association in Philharmonic Hall. Taking as his subject the study of man, Professor Smith said that the recent discovery of the remains of "the Rhodesian man" and of "the Nebraska tooth" had added two hitherto unknown types of the human family, and had also extended the domain of fossil man to two more continents. It was now possible to construct the family tree of man and his nearest allies and to draw certain inferences as to the nature of the evolutionary changes that had occurred in the humabn family since it first came into existence.

One of the most peculiar results of such studies was the fact that some of the traits regarded as distinctive of the higher races of men were found in the new-born members of the lower races, and were subsequently lost by them. Certain features usually regarded as distinctive of man were found in new-born gorillas and chimpanzees, but not in adults. The truth was that the apes were more specialized than man. In adaptation to their particular mode of life they have lost many primitive characteristics which he had retained, but at the expense of losing plasticity and adaptability, which the most valuable parts of the human make up. It was only by realizing this feature of human psychology, he said, the history of man could be understood.

After giving a summary of the mode of evolution of the human brain, as based fundamentally on the development of the power of vision, the lecturer argued that comparative anatomy should be linked with psychology, and both with the history of culture. Only on such a basis could the true science of man be built up.
Rhodesian Man (Homo rhodesiensis) was a species name devised by the English palaeontologist Sir Arthur Smith Woodward (who fell for the Piltdown Man hoax) to classify Kabwe 1, a cranium (that's all, folks, just a cranium) discovered in a mine in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) in 1921. As is so often the case with man's alleged ancestors, much of the science surrounding Rhodesian Man consists of guessing, and Homo rhodesiensis is now widely regarded as synonymous with Heidelberg Man (Homo heidelbergensis).

As for Nebraska Man, whose status as an ancestor of modern man was based on the discovery of a single tooth, his disappearance from the list of man's ancestors was announced in February 1928 when the tooth turned out to be from an extinct peccary. See my post 90 years ago: Nebraska Man suddenly disappears from the list of modern man's alleged ancestors (February 18, 2018).

Tuesday, 31 January 2023

Archaeology and biblical history items, September 2022-January 2023

Here are more items related to archaeology and biblical history that I've been too negligent to post. I don't feel like posting entire items, but the reader may find the full articles by clicking on the links below.

Dropping water levels reveal new archaeological sites, artefacts in Euphrates, Tigris rivers (September 8, 2022) (also here)

Rare First Temple-period papyrus found in Montana, returned to Israel (September 8, 2022) (also here)

Extremely rare Judean quarter-shekel coin repatriated to Israel from the U.S. (September 13, 2022) (also here)

Tomb from time of Pharaoh containing ancient finds, discovered on beach in Israel (September 18, 2022)

The ‘most beautiful’ Byzantine-area mosaic floors discovered in Gaza uncovered by local farmer (September 19, 2022)

Ancient burial cave with dozens of unique artifacts found in central Israel (September 27, 2022)

40 pure gold coins found stashed in a wall during excavations in northern Israel (October 3, 2022)

Greek monastery manuscripts tell new story of Ottoman rule (October 21, 2022) (also here)

Research by Israeli universities confirms truth of biblical accounts of Egyptian, Aramean, Assyrian and Babylonian military campaigns against Israel and Judah (October 25, 2022) (also here)

U.S. archivists find oldest-known star map in Egypt beneath ancient Christian Syriac manuscript (October 28, 2022) (also here)

Ancient Christian monastery discovered in Middle East predates emergence of Islam (November 4, 2022)

Canaanite inscription lamenting a plague of lice unearthed in biblical Lachish (November 9, 2022)

Newly discovered mosaics in Galilee’s “Burnt Church” shed light on early Christianity (November 22, 2022) (also here)

3,000-year-old Canaanite scarab found by Israeli schoolchildren during field trip near Tel Aviv (November 30, 2022) (also here)

Ancient Roman Road discovered in Galilee (December 5, 2022)

2,200 year old Greek “Hercules” sling bullet discovered in central Israel (December 8, 2022) (also here)

Rare Antiochus IV coin discovered in suspected thief's house in northern Israel (December 9, 2022)

2,200-year-old coins found in Judean Desert support historical account of the Maccabees, say archaeologists (December 13, 2022) (also here)

Rare 2,000-year-old ‘Temple tax’ silver coin found near Temple Mount (December 14, 2022)

Roman-era cemetery discovered in Gaza (December 17, 2022)

Israeli archaeologists find earliest evidence of use of cotton in the Middle East (December 18, 2022)

Inscriptions confirm biblical account of King Hezekiah (December 19, 2022)

2,000-year-old tomb associated with Jesus’ midwife Salome uncovered in Judean lowlands (December 20, 2022) (also here)

Israeli children find 2,000-year-old oil lamp in northern Israel (December 21, 2022)

Twenty ancient tombs, full of tiles and amulets, found in city of Damietta in the Nile Delta in Egypt (December 22, 2022)

Scientists use new technology to recreate face of Pharaoh who may have ruled over the Exodus (December 26, 2022)

Biblical Siloam Pool next to Temple Mount to be fully excavated (December 27, 2022)

People in biblical Levant paid in silver 3,600 years ago, study shows (January 8, 2023)

What’s new in the ancient City of David? (January 9, 2023)

Israeli archaeologists uncover 6th-century Church with unique mosaics near Jericho (January 12, 2023)

4,000-year-old ostrich eggs eaten in prehistoric Israel uncovered in the Negev (January 12, 2023)

Archaeologists discover 18th dynasty tomb in Egypt (January 18, 2023)

Mesha Stele Mystery solved: King David was real, researchers say (January 17, 2023)

1,300-year-old luxurious fabrics found in the Arava offer proof of ‘Israeli Silk Road’ (January 19, 2023)

1,000-year-old Jerusalem Old City moat, mysterious carved handprint discovered (January 25, 2023) (also here)

Excavations underneath Western Wall may eventually connect to City of David (January 25, 2023)

Monday, 31 October 2022

Antichrist Ambrose University hosts presentation by theistic evolutionist

Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the field which the Lord God had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said,... Genesis 3:1

For I know this, that after my departing shall grievous wolves enter in among you, not sparing the flock.
Also of your own selves shall men arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away disciples after them.
Acts 20:29-30

O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called: I Timothy 6:20

Ambrose University in Calgary, Alberta is the denominational school for both the Christian and Missionary Alliance in Canada and Church of the Nazarene Canada. Anyone who thinks that institutions such as Ambrose University are Christian isn't paying attention; they may be "evangelical," but they aren't Christian. From the university's schedule of events (bold, links in original):

The Bible & Ancient Science: Principles Of Interpretation

Date
Wednesday, October 26, 2022

Time
7:00 P.M. (Mountain Time)

Location
Virtual (Complete the registration form to receive the link)

Presented by Dr. Denis O. Lamoureux Event

DESCRIPTION
Is the Bible a Book of Science? Christians have answered in a wide variety of ways. Theologian and scientist Denis O. Lamoureux proposes that during the inspiration of Scripture, the Holy Spirit came down to the level of the biblical writers and allowed them to use the science-of-the-day. In this way, the ancient science in the Word of God is a vessel that delivers life-changing, inerrant spiritual truths.

Handout for lecture

Response by Dr. Colin Toffelmire and Q&A to follow

SPEAKER BIO
Denis O. Lamoureux is Professor of Science and Religion at St. Joseph’s College in the University of Alberta. He is also a research associate in paleontology. Lamoureux holds three earned doctoral degrees—dentistry, theology, and biology. His most recent book is entitled Beyond the Evolution vs. Creation Debate. It was written to assist high school students in understanding origins and the Genesis 1 account of creation. This lecture is part of current Seminary students' courses, but the public are welcome to join in for this special lecture.

Dr. Lamoureux has provided a link (here) for attendees to pre-read about the subject. This will help give context to some of the discussion.
Dr. Lamoureux's entry at the University of Alberta website (bold, links in original:

Denis O. Lamoureux DDS PhD PhD
Professor of Science & Religion
St. Joseph's College, University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J5
Canada
dlamoure@ualberta.ca

Denis O. Lamoureux is Professor of Science and Religion at St. Joseph's College in the University of Alberta. His appointment is the first tenure-track position in Canada dedicated to teaching and research on the relationship between scientific discovery and Christian faith. Lamoureux's academic specialty focuses on the modern origins controversy.

Lamoureux embraces the time-honored belief that there are two major sources of Divine revelation—the Book of God’s Words and the Book of God’s Works. The Bible and the physical world complement each other. Science reveals How the Creator made this spectacular design-reflecting world, while Holy Scripture declares precisely Who created it. Together the Two Divine Books fulfill each other; alone they are incomplete.

In his online web lecture Beyond the "Creation" vs. "Evolution" Debate, Lamoureux argues that the simple either/or approach to origins inhibits everyone from making informed choices. He asserts that if the limits of both conservative Christianity and evolutionary biology are respected, then their relationship can be complementary. This view of origins is known as Evolutionary Creation. Concisely stated, it claims that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit created the universe and life through an ordained, sustained, and design--reflecting evolutionary process.

Indeed, evolutionary creation is a challenging view of origins for many Christians, and Lamoureux shares his struggle to accept this position in a web lecture entitled Coming to Terms with Evolution: A Personal Story. He also writes about his voyage in a book chapter that is online.

Evolutionary creation emphasizes that the Bible is NOT a book of science. Instead, it is a God-inspired revelation that offers inerrant, life-changing, Messages of Faith. Holy Scripture does indeed refer to the natural world, but it features an ancient understanding of nature. In other words, the Bible has an ancient science. In his latest book, The Bible & Ancient Science: Priniciples of Interpretation (2020), Lamoureux presents hundreds of verses revealing that Scripture features the science-of-the-day in the ancient world. Through his 22 interpretive principles he argues that the Holy Spirit descended to the intellectual level of the ancient biblical writers in order to communicate as effectively as possible inerrant spiritual truths. Three of these principles and an explanation of the cover of this book can be found here.

Of course, not everyone agrees with Lamoureux's position on origins, as seen in the comments made by famed atheist Richard Dawkins in this video clip.

Lamoureux holds three earned doctoral degrees—dentistry, theology, and biology. He is a Fellow of the American Scientific Affiliation and cited in the Who's Who of Theology and Science. He is also a member of the Evangelical Theology Society. Lamoureux lectures throughout Canada and the United States in both Christian and public academic institutions. In 2001 and 2006, he received teaching awards from the University of Alberta Students' Union. Lamoureux's award winning introductory course on the relationship between science and religion, CHRTC 350: Science and Religion with Class Notes, Class Handouts, and Class Audio-Slides is available online.

With Phillip E. Johnson, Lamoureux co-authored Darwinism Defeated? The Johnson-Lamoureux Debate on Biological Origins (1999). Lamoureux has also written Evolutionary Creation: A Christian Approach to Evolution (2008) and has condensed this book into into a more accessible version entitled I Love Jesus and I Accept Evolution (2009). Lamoureux has debated John Walton, C. John Collins, and William Barrick in Four Views on the Historical Adam (2013).

The Church’s struggle with Galileo's astronomy offers valuable insights for Christians coming to terms with evolution. Galileo popularized the aphorism: “The intention of the Holy Spirit is to teach us how one goes to heaven and not how heaven goes.” Rewritten for the Church today, evolutionary creationists encourage Christians to understand: The purpose of the Bible is to teach us THAT God is the Creator, and not HOW the Father, Son & Holy Spirit created.
Dr. Lamoureux's views appear to be reasonable, until you realize that he denies the historical existence of Adam, which is a denial of the teaching of both Old and New Testaments. According to Dr. David Craig, in his Amazon customer review of Four Views on the Historical Adam:

I Appreciated the personal testimony of Denis Lamoureux's pursuit of truth in the fields of science and theology. He has definitely wrestled with and struggled with all the issues at hand - as a non-believer, as well as a believer in Christ. Lemorourex concludes that his view of evolution disallows for belief in the historical Adam that is revealed in the Scriptures. He argues at length that the realities of history conflicts with modern science. He believes that ancient science (the view of the biblical writers) conflicts with modern science and therefore what we have in the Bible is God accommodating inerrant spiritual truths.

In summary "Lamoureux rejects scientific concordism, the idea that God chose to reveal through the Scriptures certain scientific facts and that modern science, properly understood, can be aligned with the Bible. To the contrary, he says the authors of Scripture had an ancient perception of the world, apparent in their belief in a three-tiered universe, their view of the 'firmament,' and elsewhere. When it comes to humanity's biological origins, the biblical authors likewise had a primordial understanding. They held to 'de novo creation,' the belief that God created man and everything else directly, immediately, and completely, that is fully mature."

Lamoureux argues that Adam did not exist, but that Jesus Christ is a historical person who died and rose again for our sins. He attempts to show how modern science has changed his views on interpreting the Bible through understanding distinctions between ancient and modern science, language accommodation, and his rejection of concordism.

I found his essay to be interesting, but unconvincing. I especially struggled with his weak theological explanation of the historical "Adam" from the lips of Jesus and the Apostle Paul in the New Testament. I also struggled with his interpretation of Genesis 1-11 as not being historical. Lastly, I found his interpretation and methodology in arriving at his conclusions insufficient - leaving me with more questions than answers. I agree with C. John Collins assessment of his essay when he writes, "Lamoureux has followed a style of reasoning that is oversimplified, specifically in that he generally poses either/or questions with only two options; he does not consider whether there are alternatives."
This blogger regards the Bible as the infallible, inspired word of God, and anything that contradicts the Bible is in error. Dr. Lamoureux, on the other hand, regards the Bible as being in error if it's in contradiction with what the latest "science" says. It should be noted that Dr. Lamoureux, in addressing the issue of the existence of Adam, is no longer operating in the realm of science, but has moved into the realm of history, where the scientific method doesn't apply. I also find it curious that an "evangelical" professor teaches at a Roman Catholic college.

As for the man Ambrose has chosen to respond to Dr. Lamoureux's presentation, Dr. Colin Toffelmire says, "...we want to try to think the best of these people we disagree with...," but check his Twitter feed, and you'll see that he doesn't seem to think well of Christians and conservatives, and seems to find more affinity with secular liberal intellectuals. In this Dr. Toffelmire reminds me of pseudo-intellectual Tim Keller, who has had a disproportionate influence among evangelicals, but who never seems to identify with real Christians, but always takes the view that's likely to gain the approval of secular New York liberals.

This isn't the first time that Ambrose has hosted a theistic evolutionist; see my previous post Antichrist Ambrose University has theistic evolutionist as guest speaker for its Faith, Life and Learning Days (February 6, 2020)

See also my other previous posts on Ambrose University:

Why is an Alliance-Nazarene college named after a Roman Catholic saint? (March 2, 2009)

The Ambrose-contemplative connection (March 4, 2009)

Ambrose University College trains Nazarene pastors using materials from a company with ties to Mormonism (March 6, 2009)

Ambrose University College and "Transformation" (March 6, 2009)

The Outhouse (aka The Shack) in God's house (May 5, 2009)

Ambrose Seminary teaches contemplative spirituality in 2009-2010 (February 24, 2010)

Ambrose University College hires Jesuit-educated contemplative spirituality proponent as its new president (May 30, 2012)

Ambrose University College's "Jazz Day" provides evidence of increasing worldliness in evangelical schools (March 5, 2014)

Antichrist Ambrose University College continues on its downward, leftward, and Romeward course (March 8, 2014)

Antichrist Ambrose University President Gordon T. Smith continues to promote ecumenism and Social Gospel (February 28, 2018)

Thursday, 1 September 2022

Giant prehistoric elephant tusk discovered in southern Israel

As reported by Michael Horovitz of The Times of Israel, August 31, 2022 (photo in original):
Archaeologists, paleontologists and conservators surround the tusk of a straight-tusked elephant, discovered at Kibbutz Revadim, southern Israel, in August 2022. (Photo credit: Yoli Schwartz/Israel Antiquities Authority)

A complete tusk from a large prehistoric elephant was uncovered near Kibbutz Revadim in southern Israel, archaeologists revealed on Wednesday.

The find was made earlier in August during a two-week excavation by Tel Aviv University and the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev called Operation Elephant.

The 2.5-meter-long remnant of the huge straight-tusked elephant — which is now extinct — was discovered by Dr. Eitan Mor, a biologist from Jerusalem, who organized a trip to the area out of curiosity about the elephants, according to an Israel Antiquities Authority statement.

“To my surprise, I spotted something that looked like a large animal bone peeping out of the ground. When I looked closer, I realized that it was ‘the real thing,’ so I rushed to report it to the Israel Antiquities Authority,” he said.

Scientists believe the elephant species, which would tower over their present-day descendants, arrived on Israel’s coastal plain about 800,000 years ago and died out approximately half a million years ago. According to the IAA, findings from elephants are rare and the fossil is “of great scientific interest.”

The IAA explained that past archaeological work at Revadim, where stone and flint tools and other fossilized remains have been discovered, revealed that humans had settled the area and hunted the elephants that roamed the region.

The IAA’s director, Eli Eskozido, noted that the find was of “primary importance for the academic community, but also of great public interest.”

He added that the authority plans to publicly display the tusk after conservation efforts at the IAA’s permanent exhibition hall in Jerusalem.

Prof. Israel Hershkovitz from the Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory at Tel Aviv University said that the fossil, which was said to be in very good condition, is also “extremely fragile” and efforts were made to protect it after the initial find.

“Now we are excavating it within its archaeological context, before transferring it to the Israel Antiquities Authority Conservation Laboratory, where it will be studied and conserved,” Hershkovitz said.

The discovery of the tusk leads to questions over its presence at Revadim, according to Prof. Ofer Marder of Ben-Gurion University and Dr. Ianir Milevski of the IAA’s Prehistoric Branch.

“Is the tusk the remains of a hunted elephant, or was it collected by the local prehistoric inhabitants? Did the tusk have social or spiritual significance?” the academics asked.

The IAA said the joint study aims to resolve the debates surrounding the prehistoric elephant hunters and their culture.

Sunday, 31 July 2022

Addition by subtraction: The deaths of James Lovelock and Ron Sider

British environmentalist James Lovelock died on July 26, 2022, his 103rd birthday. Dr. Lovelock, a physician by training, was also a climate scientist and futurist. He was best known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis, the idea that Earth itself is a living organism, with life forms interacting with inorganic surroundings to form a synergistic, self-regulating system. The hypothesis, named after the Greek goddess who personified the Earth, has been criticized by secular evolutionists, but has greatly influenced the increase in pagan nature worship that has become so popular in recent decades. I doubt that Dr. Lovelock is enjoying his present climate and environment.

On July 27, 2022, Ron Sider died at the age of 83. Dr. Sider, a native of Stevensville, Ontario, was involved with InterVarsity Christian Fellowship while an undergraduate at the University of Waterloo, and worked in apologetics with IVCF after earning a doctorate in history and master's in divinity from Yale University. He founded Evangelicals for Social Action in 1973, which might more accurately be called "Evangelicals for Socialism."

Dr. Sider was perhaps best known for his books Rich Christians in an Age of Hunger (1977) and Nuclear Holocaust and Christian Hope (1983). Christian writer Lloyd Billingsley described the former as:

A textbook of zero-sum thinking and statist solutions presented in religious vocabulary. A compendium of economic fallacies. (Billingsley, Lloyd. The Absence of Tyranny: Recovering Freedom in Our Time, 1986, p. 196).

Mr. Billingsley said of the latter:

Nuclear Holocaust and Christian Hope, co-authored with Richard Taylor, is a kind of religious version of Jonathan Schell's Fate of the Earth. Like Schell, Sider and Taylor rely heavily on shock tactics--describing blasts, destructions, bombs, blood, vomit, burns, screams. The front, fictionalized section of the book where this occurs is a combination snuff film and nuclear pornographic novel.

Merchandising comes later, the radical Christian version of Jesus watches and frisbees. Sider and Taylor advocate measures like displaying peace bumper stickers (surely a distinctive Christian approach), keeping photos of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on the coffee table instead of Ansel Adams, buying stationery with a peace motif, and subscribing to the right magazines including the "rigorously biblical" Sojourners whose peace ministry co-author Taylor is a consultant.

To his great credit, Sider at least has the courage to carry his pacifism to its logical conclusion. The book may very well be the world's longest suicide note, suicide being the sure outcome of his nonmilitary defense plan, a new Anschluss on a larger scale.

The assumption is that, once conquered, we can all eventuall settle down to a peaceful, neo-Scandinavian existence. Germany was once thoroughly conquered; they did not so settle down. Sider's arguments for complete, not just nuclear, pacifism are buttressed with proof texts, but remain to me unconvincing.

It appears they are unconvincing to the authors as well. After three hundred gruelling pages filed with countless usages of "must," "should," and "ought," Sider and Taylor make this astonishing statement: "The authors of this book do not claim to have all the answers." Given this it is difficult to see their book as anything more than a public act of spiritual and political masturbation.
(Billingsley, Lloyd, The Generation that Knew Not Josef: A Critique of Marxism and the Religious Left, 1985, pp. 187-188).

I never for a minute believed that Dr. Sider was a Christian; I always figured he was a Communist masquerading as a Christian. When U.S. President Ronald Reagan delivered his "Evil Empire" speech to the National Association of Evangelicals on March 8, 1983, it was Ron Sider who immediately formed a group to protest against Mr. Reagan's views. Dr. Sider boasted about his participation in the "Witness for Peace" program in Nicaragua in the early 1980s, in which the participants acted as human shields to impede the efforts of the Contras who were fighting against Nicaragua's Sandanista regime. The actions of the "Witness for Peace" participants had the effect of aiding the Sandanista regime, a regime that committed genocide against the Miskito Indians and was persecuting Christians. For information on the Sandanistas' treatment of Christians, I recommend the book Breaking Faith: The Sandanista Revolution and its Impact on Freedom and Christian Faith in Nicaragua by former Sandanista Humberto Belli, published in 1985.

For more on Ron Sider and Evangelicals for Social Action, see my posts 30 years ago: Ronald Reagan, addressing the NAE, denounces the evil empire--and other evils (March 12, 2013) and 30 years ago: Carl McIntire critiques Evangelicals for Social Action's Chicago Declaration (May 1, 2014).

Thursday, 21 July 2022

Mysterious repeating radio signal traced to spiral galaxy 500 million light years from Earth

When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained; What is man, that thou art mindful of him? and the son of man, that thou visitest him? Psalms 8:3-4

The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament showeth his handiwork. Psalms 19:1

Thou art worthy, O Lord, to receive glory and honour and power: for thou hast created all things, and for thy pleasure they are and were created. Revelation 4:11

As reported by Jennifer Chu of Massachusetts Institute of Technology News Office, July 13, 2022 (bold, link in original):

Astronomers at MIT and universities across Canada and the United States have detected a strange and persistent radio signal from a far-off galaxy that appears to be flashing with surprising regularity.

The signal is classified as a fast radio burst, or FRB — an intensely strong burst of radio waves of unknown astrophysical origin, that typically lasts for a few milliseconds at most. However, this new signal persists for up to three seconds, about 1,000 times longer than the average FRB. Within this window, the team detected bursts of radio waves that repeat every 0.2 seconds in a clear periodic pattern, similar to a beating heart.

The researchers have labeled the signal FRB 20191221A, and it is currently the longest-lasting FRB, with the clearest periodic pattern, detected to date.

The source of the signal lies in a distant galaxy, several billion light-years from Earth. Exactly what that source might be remains a mystery, though astronomers suspect the signal could emanate from either a radio pulsar or a magnetar, both of which are types of neutron stars — extremely dense, rapidly spinning collapsed cores of giant stars.

“There are not many things in the universe that emit strictly periodic signals,” says Daniele Michilli, a postdoc in MIT’s Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research. “Examples that we know of in our own galaxy are radio pulsars and magnetars, which rotate and produce a beamed emission similar to a lighthouse. And we think this new signal could be a magnetar or pulsar on steroids.”

The team hopes to detect more periodic signals from this source, which could then be used as an astrophysical clock. For instance, the frequency of the bursts, and how they change as the source moves away from Earth, could be used to measure the rate at which the universe is expanding.

The discovery is reported today in the journal Nature, and is authored by members of the CHIME/FRB Collaboration, including MIT co-authors Calvin Leung, Juan Mena-Parra, Kaitlyn Shin, and Kiyoshi Masui at MIT, along with Michilli, who led the discovery first as a researcher at McGill University, and then as a postdoc at MIT.

“Boom, boom, boom”

Since the first FRB was discovered in 2007, hundreds of similar radio flashes have been detected across the universe, most recently by the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment, or CHIME, an interferometric radio telescope consisting of four large parabolic reflectors that is located at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory in British Columbia, Canada.

CHIME continuously observes the sky as the Earth rotates, and is designed to pick up radio waves emitted by hydrogen in the very earliest stages of the universe. The telescope also happens to be sensitive to fast radio bursts, and since it began observing the sky in 2018, CHIME has detected hundreds of FRBs emanating from different parts of the sky.

The vast majority of FRBs observed to date are one-offs — ultrabright bursts of radio waves that last for a few milliseconds before blinking off. Recently, researchers discovered the first periodic FRB that appeared to emit a regular pattern of radio waves. This signal consisted of a four-day window of random bursts that then repeated every 16 days. This 16-day cycle indicated a periodic pattern of activity, though the signal of the actual radio bursts was random rather than periodic.

On Dec. 21, 2019, CHIME picked up a signal of a potential FRB, which immediately drew the attention of Michilli, who was scanning the incoming data.

“It was unusual,” he recalls. “Not only was it very long, lasting about three seconds, but there were periodic peaks that were remarkably precise, emitting every fraction of a second — boom, boom, boom — like a heartbeat. This is the first time the signal itself is periodic.”

Brilliant bursts

In analyzing the pattern of FRB 20191221A’s radio bursts, Michilli and his colleagues found similarities with emissions from radio pulsars and magnetars in our own galaxy. Radio pulsars are neutron stars that emit beams of radio waves, appearing to pulse as the star rotates, while a similar emission is produced by magnetars due to their extreme magnetic fields.

The main difference between the new signal and radio emissions from our own galactic pulsars and magnetars is that FRB 20191221A appears to be more than a million times brighter. Michilli says the luminous flashes may originate from a distant radio pulsar or magnetar that is normally less bright as it rotates and for some unknown reason ejected a train of brilliant bursts, in a rare three-second window that CHIME was luckily positioned to catch.

“CHIME has now detected many FRBs with different properties,” Michilli says. “We’ve seen some that live inside clouds that are very turbulent, while others look like they’re in clean environments. From the properties of this new signal, we can say that around this source, there’s a cloud of plasma that must be extremely turbulent.”

The astronomers hope to catch additional bursts from the periodic FRB 20191221A, which can help to refine their understanding of its source, and of neutron stars in general.

“This detection raises the question of what could cause this extreme signal that we’ve never seen before, and how can we use this signal to study the universe,” Michilli says. “Future telescopes promise to discover thousands of FRBs a month, and at that point we may find many more of these periodic signals.”

This research was supported, in part, by the Canada Foundation for Innovation.
Click on the link to see the abstract of the original article Sub-second periodicity in a fast radio burst in Nature, 607, pages 256–259, July 13, 2022.